{"id":86965,"date":"2019-09-25T17:13:27","date_gmt":"2019-09-25T15:13:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=86965"},"modified":"2022-07-22T13:25:08","modified_gmt":"2022-07-22T11:25:08","slug":"format-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/chicago-style\/format-paper\/","title":{"rendered":"Chicago Style Format for Papers | Requirements &#038; Examples"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The information in this article is largely drawn from <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//turabian///">Turabian style<\/a>\u2014a version of <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"//?cat_ID=6173\%22>Chicago style<\/a> aimed at students and researchers. When writing a paper in Chicago style, these are the guidelines to follow; for the sake of simplicity, the term &#8220;Chicago&#8221; is used here.<\/p>\n<p>To apply Chicago format:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li>Use a standard font like 12 pt. Times New Roman.<\/li>\n<li>Double-space the text.<\/li>\n<li>Use 1 inch margins or larger.<\/li>\n<li>Indent new paragraphs by \u00bd inch.<\/li>\n<li>Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Note that any specific formatting advice from your instructor or faculty overrules these guidelines. Template documents set up in Chicago style are available to download below. Just select the one with the citation style you&#8217;re following.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn--blue btn--small\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads//2020//11//Chicago-format-template-Author-date.docx/">Author-date<\/a><a class=\"btn btn--purple btn--small\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads//2020//11//Chicago-format-template-Notes-and-bibliography.docx/">Notes and bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>General formatting<\/h2>\n<p>Chicago doesn\u2019t require a specific font or font size, but recommends using something simple and readable (e.g. 12 pt. Times New Roman). Use margins of at least 1 inch on all sides of the page.<\/p>\n<p>The main text should be double-spaced, and each new paragraph should begin with a \u00bd inch indent. Text should be left-aligned and not \u201cjustified\u201d (meaning that the right margin should look ragged).<\/p>\n<p>Page numbers can be placed either in the top right or the bottom center of the page \u2013 one or the other, not both.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//chicago-general-formatting-1.png/"><img src=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//chicago-general-formatting-1.png/" alt=\"Chicago formatting\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Title page<\/h2>\n<p>A <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//turabian-title-page///">title page<\/a> isn\u2019t required in Chicago style\u2014often it\u2019s sufficient to just include your title at the top of the first page\u2014but if you\u2019re asked to include one, Turabian provides guidelines for how to present it.<\/p>\n<p>All text on the title page should be center-aligned and double-spaced, and written in the same font as the rest of your text. The title should appear about \u2153 of the way down the page, in headline capitalization and in bold.<\/p>\n<p>If you have a subtitle, the main title ends with a colon and the subtitle appears on the following line, also in bold and the same size as the main title.<\/p>\n<p>About \u2154 of the way down the page, add any information your instructor requests you to include &#8211; your name, student code, the course name and code, the date, etc. Each new piece of information appears on a new line.<\/p>\n<p>The title page should not have a page number, but should be included in the page count \u2013 in other words, the page numbering starts on page 2.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//chicago-title-page-1.png/"><img src=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//chicago-title-page-1.png/" alt=\"Chicago title page \" width=\"605\" height=\"812\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Headings<\/h2>\n<p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//academic-writing//effective-headings///">Headings<\/a> should use headline capitalization:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left\">\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li class=\"error\">Summary of results<\/li>\n<li>Summary of Results<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>If you use different levels of heading (e.g. chapters, sections, subheadings), make sure your presentation makes clear which type of heading each one is.<\/p>\n<p>All headings of one level should be presented the same way, and higher-level headings should stand out more from the text. For example, you might use a larger font for chapter headings, bold for section headings, and italics for subheadings:<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//chicago-headings.png/"><img src=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//chicago-headings.png/" alt=\"Chicago headings\" width=\"977\" height=\"473\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Block quotes<\/h2>\n<p>Prose quotations of five or more lines (or more than 100 words), as well as poetry quotations of two or more lines, are presented as <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//working-with-sources//block-quote///">block quotes<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Block quotes do not use <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//language-rules//quotation-marks///">quotation marks<\/a>. Instead, a blank line separates them from the surrounding text on both sides and they are indented by an additional \u00bd inch. Unlike the rest of the text, they are not double-spaced.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//block-quotation-example.png/"><img src=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//block-quotation-example.png/" alt=\"Chicago block quotes\" width=\"873\" height=\"372\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Numbers and acronyms<\/h2>\n<p>Chicago recommends using words, not numerals, for numbers lower than 100. For example, you would write \u201cninety-five,\u201d not \u201c95.\u201d But numerals should still be used when you\u2019re referring to a specific measurement (e.g. \u201c15 cm\u201d) and when using decimals (e.g. \u201c1.5\u201d).<\/p>\n<p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//academic-writing//abbreviations-and-acronyms///">Acronyms<\/a> should be introduced the first time you refer to the thing they stand for:<\/p>\n<p class=\"kb-textbox border-left\">The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) advocates for\u2026<\/p>\n<p>After this point, you can use the acronym alone.<\/p>\n<p>Neither numerals nor acronyms should be used at the beginning of a sentence. Either rewrite the sentence so that the numeral or acronym appears elsewhere, or write out the full phrase or number:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left\">\n<ul class=\"kb-checklist\">\n<li class=\"error\">100 people responded to the survey.<\/li>\n<li>One hundred people responded to the survey.<\/li>\n<li>The survey received 100 responses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>In-text citations and notes<\/h2>\n<p>Chicago provides guidelines for not one but two <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//citing-sources//citation-styles///">citation styles<\/a>: author-date and notes and bibliography.<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//chicago-in-text-citation//#author-date\">author-date style<\/a>, citations are placed directly in the text in <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//language-rules//parentheses///">parentheses<\/a>. In this style, you have some flexibility about how exactly to integrate the citation:<\/p>\n<div class=\"kb-textbox border-left\">Davis (2016) argues that the theory is \u201csound.\u201d Other researchers, however, have contradicted this assessment (Lee et al. 2017; Johnson 2018).<\/div>\n<p>In notes and bibliography style, citations appear in <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//footnotes///">Chicago footnotes or endnotes<\/a> (the format is identical either way), and the reader is referred to them by superscript numbers in the text.<\/p>\n<p>Footnote and endnote numbers appear at the end of the relevant clause or sentence, after any punctuation except a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//language-rules//dashes///">dash<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Endnotes appear on their own page just before the <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//bibliography///">bibliography<\/a>; footnotes appear at the bottom of each page. Footnotes should be separated from the text by a short rule and be presented in the same font size as the main text, or smaller. Word\u2019s footnote function automatically creates footnotes like this:<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//footnote-format-1.png/"><img src=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//footnote-format-1.png/" alt=\"Footnote format\" width=\"906\" height=\"255\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Bibliography or reference list<\/h2>\n<p>At the end of your paper, you\u2019ll likely include a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//bibliography///">bibliography<\/a> (for notes and bibliography style) or a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//bibliography//#reference-list\">reference list<\/a> (for author-date).<\/p>\n<p>Bibliographies and reference lists are not double-spaced, but leave a blank line between entries.<\/p>\n<p>If an entry extends onto a second line, a \u00bd inch indent should be applied to all but the first line of the entry.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"colorbox\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//bibliography.png/"><img src=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//wp-content//uploads////2019//09//bibliography.png/" alt=\"Bibliography\" width=\"977\" height=\"399\" class=\"aligncenter\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>If you have to create a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//chicago-annotated-bibliography///">Chicago style annotated bibliography<\/a>, follow the same format as a normal bibliography, but indent and double-space the <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//citing-sources//annotated-bibliography///">annotations<\/a> under each source reference.<\/p>\n<p><span>\u00a0    <h2>Frequently asked questions about Chicago format<\/h2>\n<dl class=\"faq-list faq-list--arrows w-100 my-5\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"what-is-turabian-style\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//what-is-turabian-style///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is Turabian style?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"what-is-turabian-style-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//turabian///">Turabian style<\/a> is a version of <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//chicago-style///">Chicago style<\/a> designed specifically for students and researchers. It follows most Chicago conventions, but also adds extra guidelines for <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//format-paper///">formatting research papers<\/a>, theses and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//dissertation///">dissertations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>More information can be found in <em>A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations<\/em> by Kate L. Turabian, now in its ninth edition.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"reference-list-vs-bibliography\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//reference-list-vs-bibliography///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is the difference between a Chicago reference list and a bibliography?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"reference-list-vs-bibliography-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <ul>\n<li>A <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//bibliography//#reference-list\">reference list<\/a> is used with <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//author-date///">Chicago author-date citations<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>A<a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//bibliography///"> bibliography<\/a> is used with <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//footnotes///">Chicago footnote citations<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Both present the exact same information; the only difference is the placement of the year in source citations:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">In a <strong>reference list <\/strong>entry, the publication year appears directly after the author\u2019s name.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">In a <strong>bibliography<\/strong> entry, the year appears near the end of the entry (the exact placement depends on the source type).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are also other types of bibliography that work as stand-alone texts, such as a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//chicago-annotated-bibliography///">Chicago annotated bibliography<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"bibliography-or-reference-list\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//bibliography-or-reference-list///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        Do I have to include a bibliography or reference list?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"bibliography-or-reference-list-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p>In <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//author-date///">Chicago author-date style<\/a>, your text must include a<a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//bibliography//#reference-list\"> reference list<\/a>. It appears at the end of your paper and gives full details of every source you cited.<\/p>\n<p>In notes and bibliography style, you use <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//footnotes///">Chicago style footnotes<\/a> to cite sources; a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//bibliography///">bibliography<\/a> is optional but recommended. If you don\u2019t include one, be sure to use a <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//footnotes//#full-notes-and-short-notes\">full note<\/a> for the first citation of each source.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"footnotes-vs-endnotes\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//footnotes-vs-endnotes///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What is the difference between footnotes and endnotes?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"footnotes-vs-endnotes-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//citing-sources//what-are-footnotes///"><strong>Footnotes<\/strong><\/a> appear at the bottom of the relevant page.\u00a0<strong>Endnotes<\/strong> appear in a list at the end of the text, just before the reference list or bibliography. Don&#8217;t mix footnotes and endnotes in the same document: choose one or the other and use them consistently.<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//footnotes///">Chicago notes and bibliography style<\/a>, you can use either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either case.<\/p>\n<p>In <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//category//apa-style///">APA<\/a> and <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//mla//footnotes-and-endnotes///">MLA style<\/a>, footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n            <div itemscope itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\">\n            <dt id=\"font-chicago-style-paper\" class=\"faq-list__title\">\n                <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//frequently-asked-questions//font-chicago-style-paper///" class=\"faq-list__link qa-faq-anchor\">\n                    <span itemprop=\"name\">\n                        What font should I use in a Chicago style paper?\n                    <\/span>\n                <\/a>\n            <\/dt>\n            <dd id=\"font-chicago-style-paper-answer\" class=\"faq-list__answer qa-faq-answer kb-article-styles\" itemscope itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\">\n                <div itemprop=\"text\">\n                                        <p><a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//chicago-style//format-paper///">Chicago format<\/a> doesn\u2019t require you to use any specific font, as long as you choose something readable. A good standard choice is 12 pt Times New Roman.<\/p>\n\n                <\/div>\n            <\/dd>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/dl><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The information in this article is largely drawn from Turabian style\u2014a version of Chicago style aimed at students and researchers. When writing a paper in Chicago style, these are the guidelines to follow; for the sake of simplicity, the term &#8220;Chicago&#8221; is used here. To apply Chicago format: Use a standard font like 12 pt. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[33357],"tags":[50112],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Chicago Style Format for Papers | Requirements &amp; Examples<\/title>\n<!-- Added by HTTrack --><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /><!-- /Added by HTTrack -->
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