{"id":231646,"date":"2020-11-05T09:56:10","date_gmt":"2020-11-05T08:56:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.nl\/?p=231646"},"modified":"2022-08-23T13:28:40","modified_gmt":"2022-08-23T11:28:40","slug":"reference-entry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-style\/reference-entry\/","title":{"rendered":"Creating APA reference entries"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\">This article reflects the <strong>7th edition<\/strong> guidelines of the APA Publication Manual.<\/figure>\n<p>APA reference entries provide detailed information about a source. They\u2019re listed on the <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//apa-style//apa-reference-page///">reference page<\/a> at the end of your paper and correspond to <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//apa-style//in-text-citation///">APA in-text citations<\/a> in the body text.<\/p>\n<p>You can easily generate APA references (and in-text citations) with <a href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//citation//generator//apa///">Scribbr&#8217;s APA Citation Generator<\/a>, but it\u2019s helpful to have a general understanding of the composition of an APA reference. It enables you to review your own work and that of any tool you might be using.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\t<h6 class=\"h3\">Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr<\/h6>\n\n<div class=\"border mb-3 cite-example\">\n\t\n\t<nav id=\"navMain\" class=\"d-flex\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"nav nav-tabs w-100 border-0\" id=\"nav-tab-apa\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-item nav-link active\" id=\"nav-1-tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"#\" data-target=\"#nav-apa-1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"nav-apa-1\" aria-selected=\"true\">Webpage<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-item nav-link\" id=\"nav-2-tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"#\" data-target=\"#nav-apa-2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"nav-apa-2\" aria-selected=\"true\">Book<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-item nav-link\" id=\"nav-3-tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"#\" data-target=\"#nav-apa-3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"nav-apa-3\" aria-selected=\"true\">Video<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-item nav-link\" id=\"nav-4-tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"#\" data-target=\"#nav-apa-4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"nav-apa-4\" aria-selected=\"true\">Journal article<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"nav-item nav-link\" id=\"nav-5-tab\" data-toggle=\"tab\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"#\" data-target=\"#nav-apa-5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"nav-apa-5\" aria-selected=\"true\">Online new article<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"nav-fix justify-content-center\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"d-flex h-100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"align-self-center d-none d-xl-block logo\" href=https://www.scribbr.com/"https:////www.scribbr.com//?utm_source=citation-generator-widget\%22 title=\"Visit Scribbr.com\" data-test=\"logo\"><svg width=\"20\" height=\"16\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><g clip-path=\"url(#clip0)\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"><path d=\"M19.235 4.861L11.355.32c-.74-.427-1.898-.427-2.637 0L.838 4.86c-.455.262-.715.66-.715 1.094 0 .433.26.832.714 1.093l3.067 1.768v2.652c0 .858.565 1.83 1.315 2.262l3.484 2.008c.37.214.844.32 1.318.32.475 0 .95-.106 1.319-.32l3.484-2.008c.75-.431 1.314-1.404 1.314-2.262V9.68c0-.857-.564-1.83-1.311-2.264l-3.02-1.752.55-.31a.394.394 0 00-.117-.731l-3.757-.78a.403.403 0 00-.409.16.392.392 0 00-.014.434l1.329 2.152a.401.401 0 00.54.137l.709-.4 3.591 2.098c.046.027.09.059.135.095l-3.602 2.064c-.38.218-1.07.217-1.45-.002l-7.88-4.542a.498.498 0 01-.112-.083.5.5 0 01.112-.084l7.88-4.542c.38-.218 1.069-.218 1.447 0l7.88 4.542a.496.496 0 01.113.084.493.493 0 01-.112.083l-1.457.84a.581.581 0 00-.213.8.595.595 0 00.808.21l1.457-.84c.454-.261.714-.66.714-1.093 0-.433-.26-.832-.714-1.094zm-9.195 7.05c.473 0 .946-.106 1.315-.317l3.59-2.058a.964.964 0 01.012.143v1.79c0 .435-.347 1.032-.728 1.252l-3.484 2.008c-.379.218-1.069.218-1.447 0L5.814 12.72c-.381-.22-.728-.817-.728-1.253v-1.97l3.632 2.092c.37.214.846.32 1.322.32zm-.171-6.063l-.644-1.043 1.82.377-1.176.666z\" fill=\"#FC5216\"><\/path><!----><\/g><defs><clipPath id=\"clip0\"><path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M0 0h73.333v16H0z\"><\/path><\/clipPath><\/defs><\/svg><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/nav>\n\t<div class=\"tab-content w-100\" id=\"form-tab-apa\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane show active\" id=\"nav-apa-1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"nav-apa-1-tab\">\n\t\t\t<form\n\t\t\t\taction=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/apa\/\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"cite-form cite-form-webpage w-100\"\n\t\t\t\tmethod=\"get\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"form-control cite-input cite-input-webpage bg-light\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"url\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tautocomplete=\"off\" \n\t\t\t\t\t\tplaceholder=\"Cite a webpage by URL\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tname=\"searchQuery\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trequired\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"sourceType\" value=\"webpage\" \/> \n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group-append\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"btn btn--blue my-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCite\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"text-center cite-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"mb-0 py-2\"><strong>The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane show\" id=\"nav-apa-2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"nav-apa-2-tab\">\n\t\t\t<form\n\t\t\t\taction=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/apa\/\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"cite-form cite-form-book w-100\"\n\t\t\t\tmethod=\"get\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"form-control cite-input cite-input-book bg-light\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"text\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tautocomplete=\"off\" \n\t\t\t\t\t\tplaceholder=\"Cite a book by title, ISBN, or EAN\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tname=\"searchQuery\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trequired\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"sourceType\" value=\"book\" \/> \n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group-append\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"btn btn--blue my-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCite\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"text-center cite-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"mb-0 py-2\"><strong>The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane show\" id=\"nav-apa-3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"nav-apa-3-tab\">\n\t\t\t<form\n\t\t\t\taction=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/apa\/\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"cite-form cite-form-video w-100\"\n\t\t\t\tmethod=\"get\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"form-control cite-input cite-input-video bg-light\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"url\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tautocomplete=\"off\" \n\t\t\t\t\t\tplaceholder=\"Cite a video by URL\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tname=\"searchQuery\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trequired\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"sourceType\" value=\"video\" \/> \n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group-append\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"btn btn--blue my-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCite\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"text-center cite-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"mb-0 py-2\"><strong>The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane show\" id=\"nav-apa-4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"nav-apa-4-tab\">\n\t\t\t<form\n\t\t\t\taction=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/apa\/\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"cite-form cite-form-journal-article w-100\"\n\t\t\t\tmethod=\"get\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"form-control cite-input cite-input-journal-article bg-light\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"text\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tautocomplete=\"off\" \n\t\t\t\t\t\tplaceholder=\"Cite a journal article by title or DOI\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tname=\"searchQuery\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trequired\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"sourceType\" value=\"journal-article\" \/> \n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group-append\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"btn btn--blue my-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCite\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"text-center cite-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"mb-0 py-2\"><strong>The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tab-pane show\" id=\"nav-apa-5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"nav-apa-5-tab\">\n\t\t\t<form\n\t\t\t\taction=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citation\/generator\/apa\/\"\n\t\t\t\tstyle=\"\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"cite-form cite-form-online-news-article w-100\"\n\t\t\t\tmethod=\"get\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<input\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"form-control cite-input cite-input-online-news-article bg-light\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttype=\"url\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tautocomplete=\"off\" \n\t\t\t\t\t\tplaceholder=\"Cite a newspaper article by URL\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tname=\"searchQuery\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trequired\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"sourceType\" value=\"online-news-article\" \/> \n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"input-group-append\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"btn btn--blue my-0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCite\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"text-center cite-description\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"mb-0 py-2\"><strong>The Scribbr Citation Generator will automatically create a flawless APA citation<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script>\n(function() {\n\n\t$('input.cite-input').focusin(function(){\n\t\t$(this).closest('div.tab-content').find('.cite-description').addClass('focused');\n\t\t$('.cite-example').addClass('clicked');  \n\t});\n\t$('input.cite-input').focusout(function(){\n\t\t$('.cite-example').removeClass('clicked');  \n\t});\n\t$( \"#styleSelector .nav-item\" ).click(function (e) {\n\t\te.preventDefault();\n\t\t$styleValue = $(this).data('citation-style');\n\t\t$('.nav-tabs, .tab-content').addClass('d-none');\n\t\t$(`#nav-tab-${$styleValue}, #form-tab-${$styleValue}`).removeClass('d-none');\n\t\t$('#styleSelector .select-link').text($styleValue.toUpperCase());\n\t});\t\n\t\/\/fix active state after popper.js\n\t$('.cite-example .nav-tabs').on('shown.bs.tab', 'a', function (e) {\n\t\tif (e.relatedTarget) {\n\t\t\t$(e.relatedTarget).removeClass('active');\n\t\t}\n\t})\n})();\n<\/script>\n\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<div class=\"card youtubeContainer\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vBDPLCk9lrc?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h2>The four components of an APA reference<\/h2>\n<p>Although the reference format differs depending on the type of source (e.g., a book, webpage, or video), they\u2019re built from the same four components:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span class=\"highlight-purple\"><strong><a href=\"#author\">Author<\/a>:<\/strong><\/span> who is responsible for creating the work?<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"highlight-blue\"><strong><a href=\"#date\">Date<\/a>:<\/strong><\/span> when was the work published?<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"highlight-yellow\"><strong><a href=\"#title\">Title<\/a>:<\/strong><\/span> what is the work called?<\/li>\n<li><span class=\"highlight-green\"><strong><a href=\"#source\">Source<\/a>:<\/strong><\/span> where can the work be retrieved?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"scribbr-citation-example-generator\" data-citation-styles=\"apa\" data-locale=\"en-US\"><\/div>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/citation-example-generator.scribbr.com\/embed.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"author\">Author<\/h2>\n<p>The author is responsible for creating the work. This can be an individual, multiple people, an organization (such as a company, government agency, or workgroup), or a combination of them. The author can be the writer of a text, but also the host of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/podcast\/\">podcast<\/a> or the director of a movie.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"author-basics\">Basic format<\/h3>\n<p>In an APA reference, the author\u2019s name is inverted: start with the last name, followed by a comma and the initials, separated by a period and space.<\/p>\n<p>Treat infixes, such as \u201cVan\u201d or \u201cDe\u201d, as part of the last name. Don\u2019t include personal titles such as Ph.D. or Dr., but do include suffixes.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\">\n<ul>\n<li>Smith, T<span class=\"highlight-purple\">.<\/span> H<span class=\"highlight-purple\">.<\/span> J<span class=\"highlight-purple\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"highlight-purple\">Van der<\/span> Molen, R.<\/li>\n<li>Brown, A. T. W.<span class=\"highlight-purple\">, Jr.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Lee, <span class=\"highlight-purple\">B.-K.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"multiple-authors\">Multiple authors<\/h3>\n<p>Separate the names of multiple authors with commas. Before the last author\u2019s name, you should also insert an ampersand (&amp;).<\/p>\n<p>A reference entry may contain up to 20 authors. If there are more than 20, list the first 19 authors, followed by an ellipsis (. . .) and the last author\u2019s name.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\">\n<ul>\n<li>Andreff, W.<span class=\"highlight-purple\">, &amp;<\/span> Staudohar, P. D.<\/li>\n<li>Andreff, W.<span class=\"highlight-purple\">,<\/span> Staudohar, P. D.<span class=\"highlight-purple\">, &amp;<\/span> LaBrode, M.<\/li>\n<li>Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H. L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G.<span class=\"highlight-purple\">, . . .<\/span> Lee, L. H.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"organization\">Organizations or groups as author<\/h3>\n<p>When an organization or group is listed as the author of a source (e.g., a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/report\/\">report<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/brochure\/\">brochure<\/a>), list the name in full\u2014don\u2019t use abbreviations. If multiple organizations or groups are responsible for creating the work, include them all in the reference entry. Do not use a comma to separate two group authors.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\">\n<ul>\n<li>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (not CDC)<\/li>\n<li>Microsoft <span class=\"highlight-purple\">&amp;<\/span> Apple<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"username\">Usernames<\/h3>\n<p>An author&#8217;s name can also be a username (for example, a Twitter handle). If you don&#8217;t know the author\u2019s real name, you only provide the username. If you do know the author\u2019s real name, include the username in brackets after the author\u2019s real name. Retain the @ symbol.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\">\n<ul>\n<li><span class=\"highlight-purple\">@pewdiepie<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Trump, D. J. <span class=\"highlight-purple\">[@RealDonaldTrump]<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"author-roles\">Indication of roles<\/h3>\n<p>If contributors have a different role than \u201cauthor\u201d, a description of their role is sometimes (but not always) included in parentheses. Check the table below to learn when to provide a role description.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-table alternate responsive\">\n<caption>Author roles in APA references<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Source type<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th>In the reference entry<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/book\/\">Book<\/a><\/th>\n<td>Author<br \/>\nEditor*<\/td>\n<td>Last name, A. A.<br \/>\nLast name, A. A. <span class=\"highlight-purple\">(Ed.)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/movie\/\">Film<\/a><\/th>\n<td>Director<\/td>\n<td>Last name, A. A. <span class=\"highlight-purple\">(Director)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/tv-show\/\">TV series<\/a><\/th>\n<td>Executive producer<\/td>\n<td>Last name, A. A. <span class=\"highlight-purple\">(Executive producer)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/podcast\/\">Podcast<\/a><\/th>\n<td>Host<\/td>\n<td>Last name, A. A. <span class=\"highlight-purple\">(Host)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Webinar<\/th>\n<td>Instructor<\/td>\n<td>Last name, A. A.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/image\/\">Artwork<\/a><\/th>\n<td>Artist<\/td>\n<td>Last name, A. A.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/image\/\">Photograph<\/a><\/th>\n<td>Photographer<\/td>\n<td>Last name, A. A.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><small>* Abbreviate the editor role to \u201cEd.\u201d (one editor) or \u201cEds.\u201d (multiple editors).<\/small><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"no-author\">Unknown author<\/h3>\n<p>The author may not always be mentioned explicitly, but you can often infer it from the context. For example, an \u201cAbout us\u201d page on a website is usually written by the organization behind the website.<\/p>\n<p>When you really cannot determine the author, you may omit the \u201cauthor\u201d component from the reference. The reference then begins with the source title, as in this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/bible\/\">Bible citation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left purple\"><figcaption>Blog post (unknown author)<\/figcaption><em>King James Bible<\/em>. (2017). King James Bible Online. https:\/\/www.kingjamesbibleonline.org\/<\/figure>\n<p>Note that legal citations (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/court-case\/\">court cases<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/law\/\">laws<\/a>) generally don&#8217;t have an author element.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"date\">Date<\/h2>\n<p>The \u201cdate\u201d component appears after the \u201cauthor\u201d component. Use the following guidelines to determine the publication date:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For books, always take the copyright date.<\/li>\n<li>For journal articles, take the year in which the volume was published.<\/li>\n<li>For web pages, you may use the \u201cLast updated\u201d date if it applies to the content you\u2019re citing. Don\u2019t take the copyright date from the footer of a website.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"date-basics\">Basic format<\/h3>\n<p>The date of publication appears in parentheses and can take the following forms:<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">\n<ul>\n<li>(2020)<\/li>\n<li>(2020, January)<\/li>\n<li>(2020, January 15)<\/li>\n<li>(1997\u20131999)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<p>In most cases, you only include the year of publication in the reference entry. Sources published more frequently (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/newspaper-article\/\">newspapers<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/website\/\">blogs<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/youtube\/\">YouTube videos<\/a>) or events taking place on specific dates (e.g., <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/conference-paper\/\">conferences<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/speech\/\">speeches<\/a>) usually include the full date.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"retrieval-date\">Retrieval date<\/h3>\n<p>Only provide the retrieval date (i.e., the date you consulted the information) if a work is designed to change over time. Examples include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/dictionary\/\">Online dictionary entries<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Social media profiles (not posts)<\/li>\n<li>Dashboards with statistics (like this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\">world population counter<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The retrieval date appears after the source title and before the URL. Write the word \u201cRetrieved\u201d followed by the month, day, and year.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Webpage (changing over time)<\/figcaption>Worldometer. (n.d.). <em>World population clock<\/em>. <span class=\"highlight-blue\">Retrieved October 20, 2020<\/span>, from https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/<\/figure>\n<p>You do not need to include a retrieval date for an online newspaper article or blog post (like this one), even though the content might change a little over time. A retrieval date is also not needed if versions are archived, as is the case with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/how-to-cite-wikipedia\/\">Wikipedia articles<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"same-author-same-date\">Same author, same date<\/h3>\n<p>When citing multiple works from the same author, published in the same year, you need to add a lowercase letter after the year to distinguish between them. These lowercase letters are also included in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-style\/in-text-citation\/\">APA in-text citation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\">\n<ul>\n<li>Cole, A. J. (2016<span class=\"highlight-blue\">a<\/span>). Adoption of contactless payment solutions.<\/li>\n<li>Cole, A. J. (2016<span class=\"highlight-blue\">b<\/span>). Trust differences between payment providers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Assign the letters using the following rules:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>References with only a year precede those with more specific dates.<\/li>\n<li>References with specific dates are ordered chronologically.<\/li>\n<li>References with identical dates are ordered by their titles (disregard \u201cA\u201d, \u201cAn\u201d, and \u201cThe\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"no-date\">Unknown publication date<\/h3>\n<p>If the publication date is unknown, write \u201cn.d.\u201d for \u201cno date\u201d in place of the publication date.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left blue\"><figcaption>Blog post (unknown publication date)<\/figcaption>Scribbr. (<span class=\"highlight-blue\">n.d.<\/span>). An introduction to research methods. https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/methodology\/<\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"title\">Title<\/h2>\n<p>In the \u201ctitle\u201d component, you write the name of the work that you\u2019re citing. This can be the title of a journal or a book (i.e., a stand-alone work) or a specific article or chapter from that journal or book (i.e., a work that is part of a greater whole). In the latter case, you need to include two titles.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"title-basics\">Basic format<\/h3>\n<p>When citing a <strong>stand-alone work<\/strong>, its title appears in the <span class=\"highlight-yellow\">\u201ctitle\u201d component<\/span>, in italics and sentence case.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Book (stand-alone work)<\/figcaption>Voss, C., &amp; Raz, T. (2017). <span class=\"highlight-yellow\"><em>Never split the difference: Negotiating as if your life depended on it<\/em><\/span>. Harper Business.<\/figure>\n<p>When citing a <strong>work that is part of a larger whole<\/strong>, the title of the work appears in the \u201ctitle\u201d component (sentence case, no styling) and the title of the larger whole appears in the \u201csource\u201d component (italicized).<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Journal article (part of a larger whole)<\/figcaption>Lou, C., &amp; Yuan, S. (2019). <span class=\"highlight-yellow\">Influencer marketing: How message value and credibility affect consumer trust of branded content on social media<\/span>. <span class=\"highlight-green\"><em>Journal of Interactive Advertising<\/em><\/span>, <em>19<\/em>(1), 58\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15252019.2018.1533501<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"bracketed-descriptions\">Bracketed source descriptions<\/h3>\n<p>Descriptions help identify sources. You include them for pretty much every source type, except for books, journal articles, reports, websites and newspaper articles.<\/p>\n<p>Place the description in square brackets after the source title but before the period. Capitalize the first letter of the description, but don\u2019t italicize it. Try to keep the descriptions short and consistent.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>YouTube video<\/figcaption>Bloomberg QuickTake. (2020, July 1). <em>How to build a city around bikes, fast<\/em> <span class=\"highlight-yellow\">[Video]<\/span>. YouTube. https:\/\/youtu.be\/h-I6HFQXquU<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"no-title\">Unknown title<\/h3>\n<p>If a work does not have a title, provide a description of it in square brackets in the place of the title.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left yellow\"><figcaption>Painting<\/figcaption>Van Gogh, V. (1878\u20131882). <span class=\"highlight-yellow\">[Portrait of a woman]<\/span> [Painting]. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.<\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"source\">Source<\/h2>\n<p>In the \u201csource\u201d component, you include information about where the work can be retrieved.<\/p>\n<p>When citing a <strong>stand-alone work<\/strong> (e.g., a book or webpage), you include the name of the publisher, database, platform, or website (whichever is relevant to your source), and a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/what-is-a-doi\/\">DOI (Digital Object Identifier)<\/a> or URL.<\/p>\n<p>When citing a <strong>work that is part of a greater whole<\/strong> (e.g., an article in a journal), you include information about this greater whole, like its title, relevant edition, volume or issue information, relevant contributors (like editors), the page range and the publisher, as well as a DOI or URL of the work.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"title-greater-whole\">Title of the greater whole<\/h3>\n<p>The inclusion of titles is explained in the <a href=\"#title\">\u201ctitle\u201d component section<\/a>. The title of the greater whole (e.g., a journal, newspaper, or edited book) is usually the first element in the \u201csource\u201d component and is italicized.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"edition-volume-issue\">Edition information and volume and issue numbers<\/h3>\n<p>Books can have different editions, while periodicals (such as journals and magazines) usually have volume and issue numbers. This information appears after the title.<\/p>\n<p>Put edition information in parentheses, but unlike the title, don\u2019t italicize it.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Book<\/figcaption>Coghlan, D. (2019). <em>Doing action research in your own organization<\/em> (<span class=\"highlight-green\">5th ed.<\/span>). SAGE Publications.<\/figure>\n<p>Italicize the volume number and place it after the periodical title. The issue number appears after the volume number in parentheses (not italicized). Do not add a space between the volume and issue number.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Journal article<\/figcaption>Evans, N. J., Phua, J., Lim, J., &amp; Jun, H. (2017). Disclosing Instagram influencer advertising: The effects of disclosure language on advertising recognition, attitudes, and behavioral intent. <em>Journal of Interactive Advertising<\/em>, <span class=\"highlight-green\"><em>17<\/em><\/span>(<span class=\"highlight-green\">2<\/span>), 138\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15252019.2017.1366885<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"contributors\">Contributors<\/h3>\n<p>If there are relevant contributors other than the author of the work you\u2019re citing, you need to credit them as well. The most common examples are editors of collections and translators of books in a foreign language.<\/p>\n<p>Unlike the author component, the names of the contributors are not inverted. You introduce contributors with the word \u201cIn\u201d right after the <a href=\"#title\">\u201ctitle\u201d component<\/a>. Don\u2019t forget to include a <a href=\"#author-roles\">role description<\/a> in parentheses.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Chapter in an edited book<\/figcaption>Gaffney, D., &amp; Puschmann, C. (2014). Data collection on Twitter. <span class=\"highlight-green\">In<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-green\">K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt, &amp; C. Puschmann<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-green\">(Eds.)<\/span>, <em>Twitter and society<\/em> (pp. 55\u201367). Peter Lang Publishing.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"pages\">Page range of the work<\/h3>\n<p>When citing a work that is part of a greater whole, you need to provide the page number or page range of that work. This makes retrieving it easier. Depending on the type of source, the page numbers are preceded by \u201cp.\u201d or \u201cpp.\u201d and placed in parentheses or not.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Journal article<\/figcaption>Plantin, J.-C., Lagoze, C., Edwards, P. N., &amp; Sandvig, C. (2016). Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook. <em>New Media &amp; Society<\/em>, <em>20<\/em>(1), <span class=\"highlight-green\">293\u2013310<\/span>. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444816661553<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Chapter in an edited book<\/figcaption>Belsey, C. (2006). Poststructuralism. In S. Malpas &amp; P. Wake (Reds.), <em>The Routledge companion to critical theory<\/em> (3rd ed., <span class=\"highlight-green\">pp. 51\u201361<\/span>). Routledge.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"publisher-website-database-platform\">Publisher, database, platform, or website name<\/h3>\n<p>Depending on the type of source, you should include the name of the publisher, database, platform, or website responsible for distributing the work. When the author of a work is the same as the publisher or website name, you may omit this information.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Blog post (website)<\/figcaption>McCombes, S. (2020, June 19). <em>How to write a problem statement<\/em>. <span class=\"highlight-green\">Scribbr<\/span>. https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/research-process\/problem-statement\/<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Book (publisher)<\/figcaption>Hetherington, M. J., &amp; Weiler, J. D. (2009). <em>Authoritarianism and polarization in American politics<\/em>. <span class=\"highlight-green\">Cambridge University Press<\/span>.<\/figure>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>YouTube video (platform)<\/figcaption>Vox. (2018, October 17). <em>How IKEA gets you to impulsively buy more<\/em> [Video]. <span class=\"highlight-green\">YouTube<\/span>. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WYKUJgMRQ7A<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"physical-location\">Physical location<\/h3>\n<p>Some works are associated with a specific location\u2014for example, an artwork in a museum or a conference presentation. In these cases, you include city and state\/country in the reference.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Artwork in a museum<\/figcaption>Dali, S. (1931). <em>The persistence of memory<\/em> [Painting]. Museum of Modern Art, <span class=\"highlight-green\">New York, NY<\/span>.<\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"doi-url\">DOI or URL<\/h3>\n<p>Works that can be accessed online usually have a URL or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/what-is-a-doi\/\">DOI (digital object identifier)<\/a>. A DOI is often used for scientific publications and books, while a URL is more common for other online publications.<\/p>\n<p>Use the following guidelines:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>If available, always add a DOI<\/li>\n<li>A DOI is preferred over a URL (https://www.scribbr.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/because it never changes)<\/li>\n<li>Include the protocol (http:\/\/ or https:\/\/) for both DOIs and URLs<\/li>\n<li>Do not add a period after the DOI or URL<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Online newspaper article<\/figcaption>Wakabayashi, D. (2020, October 21). Google antitrust fight thrusts low-key C.E.O. into the line of fire. <em>The New York Times<\/em>. <span class=\"highlight-green\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/10\/21\/technology\/google-antitrust-sundar-pichai.html.<\/span><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"kb-textbox border-left green\"><figcaption>Journal article<\/figcaption>Cheung, C. M. K., &amp; Thadani, D. R. (2012). The impact of electronic word-of-mouth communication: A literature analysis and integrative model. <em>Decision Support Systems<\/em>, <em>54<\/em>(1), 461\u2013470. <span class=\"highlight-green\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dss.2012.06.008<\/span><\/figure>\n<h3 id=\"no-source\">Unknown source<\/h3>\n<p>If the source is unknown or not publicly available, the work that you\u2019re citing cannot be retrieved by readers. In this case, you cannot include it as a reference entry. Instead, you should cite it as if it is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/apa-examples\/personal-communication\/\">personal communication<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"abbreviations\">Abbreviations in APA references<\/h2>\n<p>To save space in the reference entry, some common parts of works are abbreviated. Pay attention to the differences in capitalization and punctuation.<\/p>\n<table class=\"kb-table alternate\">\n<caption>Abbreviations in APA references<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Word<\/th>\n<th>Abbreviation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Revised edition<\/td>\n<td>Rev. ed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Second edition<\/td>\n<td>2nd ed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Editor(s)<\/td>\n<td>Ed. \/ Eds.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Translator(s)<\/td>\n<td>Trans.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Narrator(s)<\/td>\n<td>Narr. \/ Narrs.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>No date<\/td>\n<td>n.d.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Page(s)<\/td>\n<td>p. \/ pp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Paragraph<\/td>\n<td>para.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Volume(s)<\/td>\n<td>Vol. \/ Vols.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>(Issue) number<\/td>\n<td>No.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Supplement<\/td>\n<td>Suppl.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article reflects the 7th edition guidelines of the APA Publication Manual. APA reference entries provide detailed information about a source. They\u2019re listed on the reference page at the end of your paper and correspond to APA in-text citations in the body text. You can easily generate APA references (and in-text citations) with Scribbr&#8217;s APA [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>How to Create or Generate APA Reference Entries (7th edition)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"APA reference entries consist of four components: author, date, title, and source. 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