{"id":18278,"count":33,"description":"<img src=index-1634.html alt=\"MLA 9th edition manual\" width=\"275\" height=\"411\" class=\"alignright wp-image-311637\" \/>MLA style citations are commonly used by students and academics in the humanities. This guide follows the 9th edition (the most recent) of the <a href=index-1635.html><em>MLA Handbook<\/em><\/a>, published by the Modern Language Association in 2021.\r\n\r\nTo cite sources in MLA style, you need\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><a href=index-1636.html><strong>In-text citations<\/strong><\/a> that give the author's last name and a page number.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=index-1637.html><strong>A list of Works Cited<\/strong><\/a> that gives full details of every source.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nMake sure your paper also adheres to <a href=index-1638.html>MLA format<\/a>: one-inch margins, double spacing, and indented paragraphs, with an <a href=index-1639.html>MLA style heading<\/a> on the first page.\r\n\r\nYou can create citations automatically with our free <a href=index-1640.html>MLA Citation Generator<\/a>. Enter a URL, <a href=index-1641.html>DOI<\/a>, or ISBN, and the generator will retrieve the necessary information.\r\n[citation-widget style=\"mla\" default=\"website\"]\r\n\r\n<!--more-->\r\n<div class=\"card youtubeContainer\"><iframe src=lzt8ogd1aqi438d.html frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n<h2>MLA Works Cited list<\/h2>\r\nThe Works Cited list is where you give full details of all sources you have cited in the text. Other citation styles sometimes call this the \"reference list\" or \"bibliography.\" An <a href=index-1642.html>annotated bibliography<\/a> is slightly different.\r\n\r\nEach Works Cited entry follows a template of nine core elements that all provide information about the source.\r\n[scribbr-iexample id=\"elements\"]\r\nInclude only the elements that apply to the source you\u2019re citing. You can use the interactive tool to see examples for different source types.\r\n<div class=\"scribbr-citation-example-generator\" data-citation-style=\"mla\" data-citation-styles=\"mla\" data-show-format=\"true\"><\/div>\r\n<script async src=index-1643.html charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\r\n<h2 class=\"mt-5\">The nine core elements of MLA citations<\/h2>\r\n<h3 id=\"1-author\">1. <span class=\"highlight-red\">Author<\/span><\/h3>\r\nBegin each source entry with the name of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/authors\/\">author(s)<\/a> or creator(s). The name of the first author is always inverted (Last name, First name).\r\n\r\nWhen a source has two authors, the second author\u2019s name is shown in the normal order (First name Last name).\r\n\r\nFor sources with three or more authors, state only the first author\u2019s name, followed by \"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/et-al\/\">et al.<\/a>\"\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width caption-bottom\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>1 author<\/th>\r\n<td>Johnson, David.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>2 authors<\/th>\r\n<td>Johnson, David, and Valerie Smith<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>3+ authors<\/th>\r\n<td>Johnson, David, et al.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nThe author of a source is not necessarily a person; it can also be an organization. If so, simply use the name of the organization.\r\n\r\nHowever, if the organization is both the author and <a href=\"#publisher\">publisher<\/a>, start with the <a href=\"#source-title\">title of the source<\/a> instead.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn--small btn--blue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/authors\/\">MLA author element<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"source-title\" class=\"mt-5\">2. <span class=\"highlight-yellow\">Title<\/span><\/h3>\r\nAlways include the full <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/titles\/\">title<\/a> of the source, including subtitles (separated by a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/language-rules\/colons\/\">colon<\/a> and space).\r\n\r\nUse title case\u2014capitalize all words apart from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/language-rules\/conjunctions\/\">conjunctions<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/language-rules\/prepositions\/\">prepositions<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/language-rules\/articles\/\">articles<\/a>.\u00a0If there is no title, give a short description of the source, with normal sentence case capitalization.\r\n\r\nThe styling of the title depends on the type of source:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Italics<\/strong> when the source is self-contained (e.g. a whole book, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/how-to-cite-a-movie\/\">movie<\/a> or website).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Quotation marks<\/strong> when the source is part of a larger whole (e.g. a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/mla-book-citation\/#how-to-cite-a-book-chapter-or-a-work-in-a-collection\">chapter of a book<\/a>, a page on a website, or an article in a journal).<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>No styling<\/strong>\u00a0when describing a source without a title.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn--small btn--blue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/titles\/\">MLA titles<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 id=\"container-title\" class=\"mt-5\">3. <span class=\"highlight-blue\">Container<\/span><\/h3>\r\nA container is the larger work that the source you\u2019re citing appears in. For example, a chapter is part of a book, a page is part of a website, and an article is part of a journal.\r\n\r\nIf the source you\u2019re citing is a self-contained whole (e.g. a whole book), leave out this element.\r\n\r\nThe container title is always italicized.\r\n<table class=\"kb-table responsive-inline full-width auto-th\"><caption>Containers in MLA<\/caption>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Source type<\/th>\r\n<th>Source title<\/th>\r\n<th>Container title<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Journal article<\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-yellow\">\"An Applied Service Marketing Theory.\"<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-blue\"><em>European Journal of Marketing<\/em><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Short story<\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-yellow\">\"The Clean Slate.\"<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-blue\"><em>The Penguin Book of the Contemporary British Short Story<\/em><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>TV episode<\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-yellow\">\"Crawl Space.\"<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-blue\"><em>Breaking Bad<\/em><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Online article<\/th>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-yellow\">\"Evolutionary History of Life.\"<\/span><\/td>\r\n<td><span class=\"highlight-blue\"><em>Wikipedia<\/em><\/span><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nElements 3 (container title) to 9 (location) all provide information about the container.\r\n\r\n<strong>Sources with two containers<\/strong>\r\n\r\nA source can also have two containers. If you watched an episode of a TV show on Netflix, the show title is the first container and <em>Netflix<\/em> is the second container. If you accessed a journal article through the database JSTOR, the journal name is the first container and <em>JSTOR<\/em> is the second container.\r\n\r\nIn most cases, only the title and location (often the URL or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/what-is-a-doi\/\">DOI<\/a>) of the second container are included in the source entry. This is because databases like JSTOR don\u2019t have relevant contributors, versions, publishers, or publication dates.\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li>Datta, Hannes, et al. \u201cThe Challenge of Retaining Customers Acquired with Free Trials\u201d. <span class=\"highlight-blue\"><em>Journal of Marketing Research<\/em>, vol. 52, no. 2, Apr. 2015, pp. 217\u2013234.<\/span> <span class=\"highlight-purple\"><em>JSTOR<\/em>, www.jstor.org\/stable\/43832354.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPay attention to the punctuation. The author and source title elements each end with a period. Elements <strong>within<\/strong> a container are separated by commas, and a period is used to close the container.\r\n<h3 id=\"other-contributors\" class=\"mt-5\">4. <span class=\"highlight-purple\">Other contributors<\/span><\/h3>\r\nContributors are added right after the <a href=\"#container-title\">container title<\/a> and always end with a comma. Use a description like \"translated by,\" \"directed by,\" or \"illustrated by\" to indicate the role of the contributor. For example:\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li>Latour, Bruno.<em> Politics of Nature: How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy<\/em>. <span class=\"highlight-purple\">Translated by Catherine Porter,<\/span> Harvard UP, 2004.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen a source has three or more contributors with the same role, include the name of the first contributor followed by \"et al.\"\r\n\r\nIf there are no other relevant contributors, leave out this element.\r\n<h3 class=\"mt-5\" id=\"versions\">5. <span class=\"highlight-orange\">Version<\/span><\/h3>\r\nWhen there is more than one version of a source, you should include the version you used. For example, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/mla-book-citation\/#how-to-cite-book-editions-and-volumes\">second-edition book<\/a>, an expanded version of a collection, or a director\u2019s cut of a movie would require the version to be included:\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li>Porter, Michael E. <em>Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors<\/em>. <span class=\"highlight-orange\">2nd ed.<\/span>, Simon and Schuster, 1998.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li>Columbus, Chris, director. <em>Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets<\/em>. <span class=\"highlight-orange\">director\u2019s cut,<\/span> Warner Bros., 2002.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"mt-5\" id=\"numbers\">6. <span class=\"highlight-orange\">Number<\/span><\/h3>\r\nSources such as journal articles (\"vol. 18\"), magazines (\"no. 25\") and TV shows (\"season 3, episode 5\") are often numbered. If your source has numbered parts, include this in the source entry:\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li>Wieseke, Jan, et al. \u201cWilling to Pay More, Eager to Pay Less: The Role of Customer Loyalty in Price Negotiations.\u201d <em>Journal of Marketing<\/em>, <span class=\"highlight-orange\">vol. 68, no. 6,<\/span> 2014, pp. 17\u201337.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIt is also possible for a source to have an edition, volume, and number. Just separate them using commas.\r\n<h3 id=\"publishers\" class=\"mt-5\">7. <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">Publisher<\/span><\/h3>\r\nBook and movie citations always include the publisher element. The publisher is the company responsible for producing and distributing the source\u2014usually a book publisher (e.g. <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">Macmillan<\/span> or <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">Oxford UP<\/span>) or a movie production company (e.g. <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">Paramount Pictures<\/span> or <span class=\"highlight-indigo\">Warner Bros<\/span>).\r\n\r\nNote that \"University Press\" is abbreviated to \"UP\" in a Works Cited entry. For example, the University of Minnesota Press becomes \"U of Minnesota P\"; Oxford University Press becomes \"Oxford UP.\"\r\n\r\n<strong>When not to add a publisher<\/strong>\r\nSometimes the publisher is already included elsewhere in the source entry, such as in the container title or author element. For example, the publisher of a website is often the same as the website name. In this case, omit the publisher element.\r\n\r\nYou generally don't need to include a publisher for the following source types:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Websites<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Journals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Newspapers and magazines<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Platforms like YouTube, Netflix, or JSTOR<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"mt-5\" id=\"publication-date\">8. <span class=\"highlight-blue\">Publication date<\/span><\/h3>\r\nWhen available, always include the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/dates\/\">publication year<\/a>. If you also know the month, day, or even time of publication, you can include this if it helps the reader to locate the source. Date ranges are also possible. For example:\r\n<ul class=\"checklist\">\r\n \t<li>2003<\/li>\r\n \t<li>25 Jan. 2019<\/li>\r\n \t<li>14 Aug. 2017, 4:45 p.m.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Jan. 2017\u2013Apr. 2018<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Multiple publication dates<\/strong>\r\nIf there is more than one publication date, use the one that is most relevant to your research and take the date of the edition that you have used.\r\n\r\n<strong>No date<\/strong>\r\nWhen a source does not state a publication date, add the date on which you accessed the information. For example: <span class=\"highlight-blue\">Accessed 22 Sep. 2018<\/span>.\r\n<h3 class=\"mt-5\" id=\"locations\">9. <span class=\"highlight-green\">Location<\/span><\/h3>\r\nWhat you include in the location element depends on the type of source you are citing:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Book chapter<\/strong>: Page range of the chapter (e.g. <span class=\"highlight-green\">pp. 164\u2013180.<\/span>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Web page<\/strong>: URL, without \"https:\/\/\" (e.g. <span class=\"highlight-green\">www.scribbr.com\/mla-style\/quick-guide\/.<\/span>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Journal article<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/what-is-a-doi\/\">DOI<\/a>, <strong>with<\/strong> \"https:\/\/\"\u2014or stable URL, without: (e.g. <span class=\"highlight-green\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02626667.2018.1560449.<\/span> or <span class=\"highlight-green\">www.jstor.org\/stable\/43832354.<\/span>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Physical object or live event<\/strong>: Name of the location and city (e.g. <span class=\"highlight-green\">Moscone Center, San Francisco.<\/span> or <span class=\"highlight-green\">The Museum of Modern Art, New York.<\/span>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"mt-5\">MLA in-text citations<\/h2>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/in-text-citations\/\">MLA in-text citations<\/a> are brief references in the body of your document which direct your reader to the full reference in the Works Cited list. You must include an in-text citation whenever you <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/how-to-quote\/\">quote<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/citing-sources\/how-to-paraphrase\/\">paraphrase<\/a>\u00a0a source.\r\n\r\nA standard MLA in-text citation includes the <strong>author\u2019s last name<\/strong> and a <strong>page number <\/strong>in parentheses. The page number refers to the exact location of the quote or information that you are citing:\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li>66% of voters disagree with the policy <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(Smith 13)<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIf the author is already named in the sentence, you only need to include the page number in parentheses:\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li>According to <span class=\"highlight-blue\">Smith<\/span>, 66% of voters disagree with the policy <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(13)<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"multiple-authors\">Multiple authors<\/h3>\r\nFor a source with two authors, include the last names of both authors. If a source has three or more authors, only include the last name of the first author, followed by \u201cet al.\u201d if in parentheses or \"and colleagues\" if in the text.\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Smith and Morrison<\/span> claim that \u201cMLA is the second most popular citation style\u201d <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(17)<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"pt-2\">According to <span class=\"highlight-blue\">Reynolds and colleagues<\/span>, social and demographic circumstances still have a major effect on job prospects <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(17\u201319)<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"organization-author\">No author<\/h3>\r\nIf a source does not state a specific author, the in-text citation should match the first word(s) of the Works Cited entry, whether that's an organization name or the source title.\r\n\r\nFormat titles the same as they appear in the Works Cited, with italics or quotation marks. Use the full title if mentioned in the text itself, but an abbreviated title if included in parentheses.\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li>The article <span class=\"highlight-blue\">\u201cNew Ways to Slow Down Global Warming\u201d<\/span> claims that . . . (4).<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"pt-2\">Reducing carbon emissions slows down climate change <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(\"New Ways\" 4)<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 id=\"no-page-number\">No page number<\/h3>\r\nIf a source has no page numbers, but is divided into numbered sections (e.g. chapters or numbered paragraphs), use these instead:\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Morrison<\/span> has shown that there is a great need for . . . <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(par. 38)<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"pt-2\"><span class=\"highlight-blue\">Reynolds<\/span> devotes a chapter to the rise of poverty in some states in the US <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(ch. 6)<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nFor audiovisual sources (such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/mla\/youtube-citation\/\">YouTube videos<\/a>), use a timestamp:\r\n<ul class=\"citations\">\r\n \t<li class=\"pt-2\">In his recent video, <span class=\"highlight-blue\">Smith<\/span> argues that climate change should be the main political priority of all governments today <span class=\"highlight-blue\">(03:15\u201305:21)<\/span>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIf there is no numbering system in the original source, include only the author\u2019s name in your citation.\r\n<h2>Free lecture slides<\/h2>\r\nAre you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to MLA style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.\r\n\r\n<iframe width=\"730\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/e\/2PACX-1vRmG711ExCpnc_j7Gg1p6wcvUC6BP-Tgdm_9Cc_2zt3uVg-1RPYIAjsFhiVU47QcFde2qBqouag_4kJ\/embed?start=false&amp;loop=false&amp;delayms=3000\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" mozallowfullscreen=\"mozallowfullscreen\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"webkitallowfullscreen\"><\/iframe>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a class=\"btn btn--small btn--blue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/MLA-lecture-slides.pptx\">Open Google Slides<\/a><a class=\"btn btn--small btn--blue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/MLA-lecture-slides.pptx\">Download PowerPoint<\/a><\/p>\r\n[FAQ-article]","link":"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/mla\/","name":"MLA Style","slug":"mla","taxonomy":"category","parent":0,"meta":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<title>Student&#039;s Guide to MLA Style (2021) | Citation &amp; Format<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Easily cite your sources in MLA citation format (9th edition) using this quick guide and Scribbr&#039;s free MLA Citation Generator.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/mla\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"MLA Style Archieven\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.scribbr.com\/category\/mla\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Scribbr\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" 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